SGOT (AST) and SGPT (ALT) are important enzymes found mainly in the liver. An increase in their levels in the blood usually indicates liver inflammation or damage. In this blog, we will understand why SGOT and SGPT increase, what it means for your health, and how it can be treated.

What Are SGOT and SGPT?

• SGOT is also known as AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
• SGPT is also known as ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

These enzymes are primarily present in the liver, but they are also found in the heart and skeletal muscles. When liver cells are damaged or inflamed, these enzymes leak into the bloodstream, causing elevated levels.

Importance of Liver Function Test (LFT)

The liver is a vital organ responsible for:

• Digestion
• Protein production
• Detoxification of harmful substances

To check liver health, doctors commonly advise a Liver Function Test (LFT). This blood test measures four key enzymes:

1. SGOT (AST)
2. SGPT (ALT)
3. Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
4. Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

Based on which enzymes are elevated, doctors can identify the underlying liver problem.

Normal Range of SGOT and SGPT

The normal cutoff value may vary slightly by laboratory, but generally:

• Normal SGOT / SGPT: 30–50 IU/L

Any value above this range requires medical evaluation.

Causes of Very High SGOT & SGPT (Above 500–1000)

When SGOT or SGPT levels rise above 500 or even 1000, it usually indicates acute liver inflammation.

1. Acute Viral Hepatitis

The most common cause includes:

• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis E
• Sometimes Hepatitis B

Symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Yellowing of eyes (jaundice)

Diagnosis is confirmed through blood tests, and treatment depends on the virus involved.

2. Drug-Induced Liver Injury (Especially TB Medicines)

Patients taking anti-tuberculosis (TB) medications are at high risk of liver toxicity. Regular LFT monitoring is strongly recommended during TB treatment.

3. Gallbladder Stone Obstruction

If a gallbladder stone slips into the bile duct, it can block bile flow and cause liver enzyme levels to rise sharply.

Causes of Mild to Moderate Increase (Below 300)

When SGOT and SGPT levels are elevated but less than 300, the most common reason is chronic hepatitis, meaning long-standing liver inflammation.

Common Causes of Chronic Hepatitis

1. Alcoholic Hepatitis

Excessive alcohol consumption leads to liver swelling.

Key findings:

• SGOT is usually double the SGPT
• Increased bilirubin
• High GGT levels

Treatment:
Immediate alcohol cessation is essential.

2. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

This condition occurs due to fat accumulation in the liver without alcohol intake.

Common in:

• Diabetic patients
• Overweight or obese individuals

If untreated, NAFLD can progress to liver cirrhosis.

Management includes:

• Weight reduction
• Blood sugar control
• Lifestyle modification

3. Chronic Viral Hepatitis (B & C)

• Hepatitis B and C can cause long-term liver inflammation
• Diagnosed easily through blood tests
• Both conditions are treatable

4. Autoimmune Hepatitis

In this condition, the body’s immune system attacks liver cells.

• Diagnosed by specific antibody tests
• Requires specialist treatment

5. Hemochromatosis

A condition where excess iron accumulates in the liver, leading to chronic damage.

6. Drug-Induced Chronic Hepatitis

Certain long-term medications can harm the liver. Regular liver tests are advised for patients on such drugs.

Other Non-Liver Causes of Raised SGOT & SGPT

SGOT and SGPT may also increase due to:

• Muscle diseases
• Heart diseases
• Celiac disease (wheat allergy) causing nutritional deficiencies
• Thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism

When Should You See a Doctor?

You should consult a doctor if:

• SGOT or SGPT levels are persistently high
• You have symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal discomfort
• You consume alcohol regularly
• You have diabetes, obesity, or viral hepatitis

Conclusion

Raised SGOT and SGPT levels are an important warning sign that should never be ignored. Early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and proper treatment can prevent serious liver damage.

In the next blog, we will discuss why Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and GGT levels increase.